Eveline By James Joyce

                                                                                            Eveline By James Joyce     James Joyce (1882-1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet, widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Known for his innovative narrative techniques and complex use of language, Joyce’s works, such as “Dubliners,” “A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man,” “Ulysses,” and “Finnegans Wake,” revolutionized modernist literature. His writing often explores themes of identity, consciousness, and the struggles of ordinary life in early 20th-century Dublin. Joyce’s work has had a profound impact on both literary theory and the development of the modern novel. “Eveline” is a part of his collection “Dubliners” (1914). The story centers around a young woman named Eveline who is torn between her sense of duty to her family in Dublin and her desire for a new life with her lover, Frank, in Argentina. As she contemplates leavi

The lost child by Mulk Raj Anand (Study questions and answers)

 

The Lost Child

By Mulk Raj Anand

 

Q: What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? Why does he lag behind?

 

The child sees several things which fascinates him on his way to the fair. He observes toy shops, a flowering mustard field, dragonflies, little insects and worms, and doves that flutter about. He is captivated by the natural beauty and the vibrant surroundings, which make him constantly stop and lag behind. His curiosity and amazement about everything he sees cause him to fall behind his parents.

 

Q: In the fair, he wants many things. What are they? Why does he move on without waiting for an answer?

 

The child is attracted to many things in the fair. He desires toys, burfi, garlands of Gul mohar, rainbow-coloured balloons, and he wants to ride on a roundabout. However, each time he asks for something, he moves on without waiting for an answer because he knows that his parents would either refuse by saying he is too old to play with such things or that he should not be greedy. His experience and previous refusals condition him to not wait for their response.

 

Q: When does he realize that he has lost his way? How have his anxiety and insecurity been described?

 

The child realizes that he has lost his way when he turns to seek his parents’ approval to ride the round about and finds them nowhere in sight. His anxiety and insecurity are vividly described through his frantic search for them. He cries out for his mother and father, his throat becoming choked with sobs, and he runs about in all directions, filled with a deep sense of fear and helplessness. The vibrant fair that once seemed so alluring now feels overwhelming and hostile to him.

 

The child loses interest in the things he had wanted earlier because his primary concern becomes finding his parents. The toys, sweets, garlands, and other attractions that once fascinated him no longer hold any appeal. His longing for his parents and the security they provide overshadows all other desires. His heart is consumed with the fear of being alone and lost, making the attractions of the fair meaningless.

 

Q: What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents?

 

The story ends ambiguously, leaving it open to interpretation. However, it suggests that the child does not immediately find his parents. A kind-hearted man finds him and tries to comfort him by offering him the same things he desired earlier at the fair, but the child continues to cry for his parents. The narrative focuses on the child’s emotional state rather than providing a concrete resolution. This ending emphasizes the child’s profound sense of loss and his deep emotional connection with his parents.

The lack of a definite conclusion serves to highlight the theme of childhood innocence and dependence, as well as the overwhelming fear and anxiety that a child experiences when separated from their parents.

 

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